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NEW QUESTION # 115
Which of the following statements about the decoupling of economic activities from resource usage is most accurate?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Decoupling refers to the ability of an economy to grow without corresponding increases in environmental pressure. There are two types of decoupling:
Relative decoupling: Resource use grows at a slower rate than economic growth.
Absolute decoupling: Resource use declines while the economy grows.
Moving to a circular economy is a key strategy to enhance decoupling, as it focuses on reusing, recycling, and minimizing waste, thereby reducing the consumption of virgin resources and environmental impact. This approach helps in achieving relative and, in some cases, absolute decoupling.
While the Jevons paradox describes a scenario where increased efficiency leads to increased resource consumption, it does not explain decoupling. Additionally, absolute long-term decoupling is rare compared to relative decoupling, making option A the most accurate statement.
NEW QUESTION # 116
A framework for assessing environmental risk in project finance is set out by the:
Answer: B
Explanation:
TheEquator Principlesare a widely recognized framework used by banks and financial institutions toassess environmental and social risks in project finance. These principles apply tolarge infrastructure and industrial projects.
* TheHelsinki Principlesfocus on climate finance policies.
* TheISSBdevelopscorporate sustainability disclosure standards, not project finance guidelines.
References:
Equator Principles Association Official Framework
World Bank Report on ESG Risks in Project Finance
CFA Institute Guide to ESG Risk in Infrastructure
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NEW QUESTION # 117
The concept of double-agency in society refers to the conflict of interest between
Answer: B
Explanation:
The concept of double-agency in society refers to the conflict of interest between money managers and asset owners. This concept arises when there are two levels of agency relationships, each with potential conflicts of interest.
Principal-Agent Relationship: In the first level, asset owners (principals) delegate the management of their assets to money managers (agents). The money managers are expected to act in the best interests of the asset owners, but their own interests might not always align with those of the asset owners.
Secondary Agency: The second level involves the relationship between the corporate CEOs (agents) and the company's shareholders (principals). Here, the CEOs are supposed to act in the best interests of the shareholders, but again, there might be conflicts of interest.
Double-Agency Conflict: The double-agency conflict occurs because the money managers, who are agents of the asset owners, also act as principals when dealing with corporate CEOs. This dual role can lead to conflicts where the money managers' decisions may benefit themselves or the CEOs rather than the asset owners.
References:
MSCI ESG Ratings Methodology (2022) - Explains the principal-agent relationships and how conflicts of interest can arise at multiple levels, leading to the double-agency problem.
ESG-Ratings-Methodology-Exec-Summary (2022) - Discusses the importance of aligning interests between asset owners, money managers, and corporate executives to mitigate the double-agency issue.
NEW QUESTION # 118
Which of the following data are most likely the easiest to optimize in a portfolio?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Governance data is generally the easiest to optimize in a portfolio because it ismore standardized, quantifiable, and widely disclosedcompared to social and environmental data. Corporate governance indicators, such as board composition, executive compensation, and shareholder rights, are commonly reported in financial statements and regulatory filings.
In contrast, environmental and social data can be moresubjective, complex, and inconsistentdue to varying reporting standards and lack of historical data. For example, carbon emissions (E) and employee well-being (S) often lack standardized disclosures across regions and industries.
References:
CFA Institute ESG Integration Guide
MSCI ESG Ratings Methodology
Corporate Governance Codes (UK, US, EU)
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NEW QUESTION # 119
The first step in the effective design of a client ESG investment mandate is to:
Answer: B
Explanation:
The official CFA Institute guidance states that the foundational step in developing any ESG investment mandate is to "clarify client needs and set them out in a clear statement of ESG investment beliefs." This clear statement forms the basis of the mandate. From this strong foundation, the ESG strategy can be tailored and implemented in ways that ensure alignment among the investor's values, the investment process, and overall ESG objectives. It is therefore identified as the essential first step in the mandate's design.
NEW QUESTION # 120
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